April 9 in History

Hugo Ballivián's government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution, s

1952 — Hugo Ballivián's government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution, starting a period of agrarian reform, universal suffrage and the nationalization of tin mines

Hugo Ballivián's government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution, starting a period of agrarian reform, universal suffrage and the nationalization of tin mines

April 9 spans 61 recorded events across recorded history, from 193 to 2021. Below is a curated digest of the most significant moments tied to this date.

By · — Wikipedia

Historical Events 61 events 193 – 2021

More major events on April 9

The featured story and these ranked highlights form a quick summary. Every recorded event remains available in the chronology below.

  1. 1947 The Journey of Reconciliation, the first interracial Freedom Ride begins through the upper South in violation of Jim Crow laws. The riders wanted enforcement of the United States Supreme Court's 1946 Irene Morgan decision that banned racial segregation in interstate travel. Source
  2. 1784 The Treaty of Paris, ratified by the United States Congress on January 14, 1784, is ratified by King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain, ending the American Revolutionary War. Copies of the ratified documents are exchanged on May 12, 1784. Source
  3. 1609 Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce. Source

Did you know

In 1952, Hugo Ballivián's government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution, starting a period of agrarian reform, universal suffrage and the nationalization of tin mines. This featured entry focuses on the immediate decision and its direct historical impact.

Did you know

Nationalisation is the process of transforming privately owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. This helps explain why the event mattered beyond the initial announcement.

Did you know

Nationalization contrasts with privatization and with demutualization. This clarifies the institutional and public response around the event.

Did you know

When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone renationalization. This shows how the event shaped policy and public communication in the same period.

Did you know

Industries often subject to nationalization include telecommunications, electric power, fossil fuels, iron ore, railways, airlines, media, postal services, banks, and water, and in many jurisdictions such entities have no history of private ownership. This helps explain why the event mattered beyond the initial announcement.

193 Septimius_Severus
The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
Roman emperor from 193 to 211
Wikipedia source
475 List_of_Byzantine_emperors
Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (Enkyklikon) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.
Wikipedia source
537 Siege_of_Rome_(537–538)
Siege of Rome: The Byzantine general Belisarius receives his promised reinforcements, 1,600 cavalry, mostly of Hunnic or Slavic origin and expert bowmen.
Despite shortages, he starts raids against the Gothic camps and Vitiges but is forced into a stalemate.
Wikipedia source
1241 Battle_of_Legnica
Battle of Liegnitz: Mongol forces defeat the Polish and German armies.
13th-century battle during the Mongol invasion of Poland
Wikipedia source
1288 Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam
Mongol invasions of Vietnam: Yuan forces are defeated by Trần forces in the Battle of Bach Dang in present-day northern Vietnam.
13th-century Mongol-Chinese campaigns
Wikipedia source
1387 Byzantine_Empire
The Byzantine city of Thessalonike surrenders to the Ottomans, though rule reverts back to the Byzantines after the battle of Ankara.
Continuation of the Roman Empire (330–1453)
Wikipedia source
1388 Old_Swiss_Confederacy
Despite being outnumbered 16:1, forces of the Old Swiss Confederacy are victorious over the Archduchy of Austria in the Battle of Näfels.
1291–1798 confederation of Swiss cantons
Wikipedia source
1438 Council_of_Florence
The Council of Ferrara begins with its first session in presence of the Patriarch of Constantinople, representatives of the Patriarchal Sees of Antioch, Alexandria and Jerusalem and Pope Eugene IV presiding.
Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church (1431–1449)
Wikipedia source
1454 Treaty_of_Lodi
The Treaty of Lodi is signed, establishing a balance of power among northern Italian city-states for almost 50 years.
1454 Italian peace treaty which ended the Wars in Lombardy
Wikipedia source
1511
Resettled Shiite Muslims rise up in the Şahkulu rebellion under the leadership of Şahkulu against the Ottoman Empire.
Uprising in against the Ottomans in 1511
Wikipedia source
1609 Eighty_Years'_War
Eighty Years' War: Spain and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of Antwerp to initiate twelve years of truce.
c. 1566/1568–1648 war in Habsburg Netherlands
Wikipedia source
1609 Philip_III_of_Spain
Philip III of Spain issues the decree of the "Expulsion of the Moriscos".
King of Spain and Portugal from 1598 to 1621
Wikipedia source
1682 René-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle
Robert Cavelier de La Salle discovers the mouth of the Mississippi River, claims it for France and names it Louisiana.
French explorer of North America (1643–1687)
Wikipedia source
1784 Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)
The Treaty of Paris, ratified by the United States Congress on January 14, 1784, is ratified by King George III of the Kingdom of Great Britain, ending the American Revolutionary War.
Copies of the ratified documents are exchanged on May 12, 1784.
Wikipedia source
1860 Phonautograph
On his phonautograph machine, Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville makes the first known recording of an audible human voice.
Earliest known device for recording sound
Wikipedia source
1865 American_Civil_War
American Civil War: Robert E.
Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, effectively ending the war.
Wikipedia source
1909 United_States_Congress
The U.S.
Congress passes the Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act.
Wikipedia source
1917 World_War_I
World War I: The Battle of Arras: The battle begins with Canadian Corps executing a massive assault on Vimy Ridge.
Global conflict from 1914 to 1918
Wikipedia source
1918 Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)
World War I: The Battle of the Lys: The Portuguese Expeditionary Corps is crushed by the German forces during what is called the Spring Offensive on the Belgian region of Flanders.
Part of WWI German offensive in Flanders
Wikipedia source
1937 Kamikaze_(1937_aircraft)
The Kamikaze arrives at Croydon Airport in London.
It is the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.
Wikipedia source
1939 Marian_Anderson
African-American singer Marian Anderson gives a concert at the Lincoln Memorial after being denied the use of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution.
African-American contralto (1897–1993)
Wikipedia source
1940 World_War_II
World War II: Operation Weserübung: Germany invades Denmark and Norway.
Global conflict (1939–1945)
Wikipedia source
1940 Vidkun_Quisling
Vidkun Quisling seizes power in Norway.
Norwegian politician and Nazi collaborator (1887–1945)
Wikipedia source
1942 Battle_of_Bataan
World War II: The Battle of Bataan ends and the Bataan Death March begins.
Part of Japan's invasion of the Philippines during WWII
Wikipedia source
1942 Indian_Ocean_raid
World War II: An Indian Ocean raid by Japan's 1st Air Fleet sinks the British aircraft carrier HMS Hermes and the Australian destroyer HMAS Vampire.
1942 raid of Allied shipping by the Imperial Japanese Navy
Wikipedia source
1945 Dietrich_Bonhoeffer
Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Lutheran pastor and anti-Nazi dissident, is executed by the Nazi regime.
German Lutheran pastor and theologian (1906–1945)
Wikipedia source
1945 German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer
World War II: The German heavy cruiser Admiral Scheer is sunk by the Royal Air Force.
German warship, 1934–45
Wikipedia source
1945 Battle_of_Königsberg
World War II: The Battle of Königsberg, in East Prussia, ends.
1945 battle of World War II, during the Great Patriotic War
Wikipedia source
1945 United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission
The United States Atomic Energy Commission is formed.
Independent federal government agency (1947–1975)
Wikipedia source
1946 Tel_Aviv
About 500 postal workers in Tel Aviv and Jaffa went on strike.
City in Central Israel
Wikipedia source
1947 Tornado_outbreak_of_April_9–11,_1947
The Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes kill 181 and injure 970 in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas.
1947 windstorm through the U.S. states of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas
Wikipedia source
1947 Journey_of_Reconciliation
The Journey of Reconciliation, the first interracial Freedom Ride begins through the upper South in violation of Jim Crow laws.
The riders wanted enforcement of the United States Supreme Court's 1946 Irene Morgan decision that banned racial segregation in interstate travel.
Wikipedia source
1947 United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_22
United Nations Security Council Resolution 22 relating to Corfu Channel incident is adopted.
United Nations Security Council resolution
Wikipedia source
1948 Jorge_Eliécer_Gaitán
Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's assassination provokes a violent riot in Bogotá (the Bogotazo), and a further ten years of violence in Colombia.
Colombian politician (1903–1948)
Wikipedia source
1948 Irgun
Fighters from the Irgun and Lehi Zionist terror groups attacked Deir Yassin near Jerusalem, killing over 100 Palestinians.
Zionist paramilitary organization (1931–1948)
Wikipedia source
1952 Japan_Air_Lines_Flight_301
Japan Air Lines Flight 301 crashes into Mount Mihara, Izu Ōshima, Japan, killing 37.
1952 aviation accident
Wikipedia source
1957 Suez_Canal
The Suez Canal in Egypt is cleared and opens to shipping following the Suez Crisis.
Artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt
Wikipedia source
1959 Project_Mercury
Project Mercury: NASA announces the selection of the United States' first seven astronauts, whom the news media quickly dub the "Mercury Seven".
Initial American crewed spaceflight program (1958–1963)
Wikipedia source
1960 Hendrik_Verwoerd
Dr.
Hendrik Verwoerd, Prime Minister of South Africa and architect of apartheid, narrowly survives an assassination attempt by a white farmer, David Pratt in Johannesburg.
Wikipedia source
1967 Boeing_737
The first Boeing 737 (a 100 series) makes its maiden flight.
Single-aisle airliner family
Wikipedia source
1969 Concorde
The first British-built Concorde 002 makes its maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford with Brian Trubshaw as the test pilot.
British–French supersonic airliner
Wikipedia source
1980 Iraq
The Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein kills philosopher Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and his sister Bint al-Huda after three days of torture.
Country in West Asia
Wikipedia source
1981 USS_George_Washington_(SSBN-598)
The U.S.
Navy nuclear submarine USS George Washington accidentally collides with the Nissho Maru, a Japanese cargo ship, sinking it and killing two Japanese sailors.
Wikipedia source
1989 Massacre_of_Tbilisi
Tbilisi massacre: An anti-Soviet peaceful demonstration and hunger strike in Tbilisi, demanding restoration of Georgian independence, is dispersed by the Soviet Army, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries.
1989 massacre in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR
Wikipedia source
1990 Irish_Republican_Army
An IRA bombing in County Down, Northern Ireland, kills three members of the UDR.
Paramilitary organisations in Ireland
Wikipedia source
1990
The Sahtu Dene and Metis Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement is signed for 180,000 square kilometres (69,000 mi2) in the Mackenzie Valley of the western Arctic.
1993 indigenous land-claim agreement in Canada's Northwest Territories
Wikipedia source
1990 Embraer_EMB_120_Brasilia
An Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia collides in mid-air with a Cessna 172 over Gadsden, Alabama, killing both of the Cessna's occupants.
Commuter airliner by Embraer
Wikipedia source
1991 Georgia_(country)
Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union.
Country in Eastern Europe and West Asia
Wikipedia source
1992
A U.S.
Federal Court finds former Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega guilty of drug and racketeering charges. He is sentenced to 30 years in prison.
Wikipedia source
1994 Space_Shuttle_program
Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-59.
1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program
Wikipedia source
2003 Iraq_War
Iraq War: Baghdad falls to American forces.
2003–2011 conflict in Iraq
Wikipedia source
2009 Tbilisi
In Tbilisi, Georgia, up to 60,000 people protest against the government of Mikheil Saakashvili.
Capital and the largest city of Georgia (country)
Wikipedia source
2011 Alphen_aan_den_Rijn_shopping_mall_shooting
Six people and the perpetrator are killed and 17 injured in a mass shooting at a shopping mall in Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands.
Mass shooting in Alphen aan den Rijn, Netherlands
Wikipedia source
2013 2013_Bushehr_earthquake
A 6.1–magnitude earthquake strikes Iran killing 32 people and injuring over 850 people.
6.3 magnitude earthquake in Iran
Wikipedia source
2013
At least 13 people are killed and another three injured after a man goes on a spree shooting in the Serbian village of Velika Ivanča.
2013 spree shooting in Mladenovac, Serbia
Wikipedia source
2014
A student stabs 20 people at Franklin Regional High School in Murrysville, Pennsylvania.
Mass stabbing in Pennsylvania, US
Wikipedia source
2017
The Palm Sunday church bombings at Coptic churches in Tanta and Alexandria, Egypt, take place.
2017 suicide bombings at Coptic churches in Egypt
Wikipedia source
2020 Soyuz_MS-16
Soyuz MS-16 is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, carrying the Expedition 62/63 crew to the International Space Station.
2020 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS
Wikipedia source
2021 Tatmadaw
Burmese military and security forces commit the Bago massacre, during which at least 82 civilians are killed.
Combined military forces of Myanmar
Wikipedia source
2021 Soyuz_MS-18
Soyuz MS-18 is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, carrying three members of the Expedition 64 crew to the International Space Station.
2021 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS
Wikipedia source

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