April 11 in History

The Treaty of Fontainebleau ends the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon

1814 — The Treaty of Fontainebleau ends the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon Bonaparte, and forces him to abdicate unconditionally for the first time

April 11 spans 56 recorded events across recorded history, from 491 to 2023. Below is a curated digest of the most significant moments tied to this date.

By · — Wikipedia

Historical Events 56 events 491 – 2023

More major events on April 11

The featured story and these ranked highlights form a quick summary. Every recorded event remains available in the chronology below.

  1. 1968 US President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. Source
  2. 1921 Emir Abdullah establishes the first centralised government in the newly created British protectorate of Transjordan. Source
  3. 1713 France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Utrecht, bringing an end to the War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War). Britain accepts Philip V as King of Spain, while Philip renounces any claim to the French throne. Source

Did you know

In 1814, The Treaty of Fontainebleau ends the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon Bonaparte, and forces him to abdicate unconditionally for the first time. This featured entry focuses on the immediate decision and its direct historical impact.

Did you know

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was an agreement concluded in Fontainebleau, France, on 11 April 1814 between Napoleon and representatives of Austria, Russia and Prussia. This helps explain why the event mattered beyond the initial announcement.

Did you know

The treaty was signed in Paris on 11 April by the plenipotentiaries of both sides and ratified by Napoleon on 13 April. This clarifies the institutional and public response around the event.

Did you know

With this treaty, the allies ended Napoleon's rule as emperor of the French and sent him into exile on Elba. This shows how the event shaped policy and public communication in the same period.

Did you know

In 1814, The Treaty of Fontainebleau ends the War of the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon Bonaparte, and forces him to abdicate unconditionally for the first time had consequences that extended beyond the first headline. The key context is the institutions involved, the policy shift, and how the public response evolved afterward.

491 List_of_Byzantine_emperors
Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
The foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD marks the conventional start of the Byzantine Empire, which fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD.
Wikipedia source
672 Pope_Adeodatus_II
Consecration of Pope Adeodatus II following the death of Pope Vitalian.
Head of the Catholic Church from 672 to 676
Pope Adeodatus II, sometimes called Deodatus, was the bishop of Rome from 672 to his death on 17 June 676. He devoted much of his papacy to improving churches and fighting monothelitism.
Wikipedia source
1241 Batu_Khan
Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
Founder and first Khan of the Golden Horde (r. 1227–1255)
Batu Khan was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire established after Genghis Khan's demise. Batu was a son of Jochi, thus officially a grandson of Genghis Khan.
Wikipedia source
1512 War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai
War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferrarese forces led by Gaston de Foix and Alfonso I d'Este win the Battle of Ravenna against the Papal-Spanish forces.
Fourth & Fifth phase of the Italian Wars (1508–1516)
The War of the League of Cambrai, also known by its second stage as the War of the Holy League, was fought from December 1508 to December 1516, as part of the wider Italian Wars of 1494–1559.
Wikipedia source
1544 Italian_War_of_1542–1546
Italian War of 1542–46: A French army defeats Habsburg forces at the Battle of Ceresole, but fails to exploit its victory.
Ninth phase of the Italian Wars
The Italian War of 1542–1546 was a conflict late in the Italian Wars, pitting Francis I of France and Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Henry VIII of England.
Wikipedia source
1689 William_III_of_England
William III and Mary II are crowned as joint sovereigns of Great Britain on the same day that the Scottish Parliament concurs with the English decision of 12 February.
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 to 1702
William III and II, also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 1672, and King of…
Wikipedia source
1713 Peace_of_Utrecht
France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Utrecht, bringing an end to the War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War).
Britain accepts Philip V as King of Spain, while Philip renounces any claim to the French throne.
The Peace of Utrecht was a series of peace treaties signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht between April 1713 and February 1715.
Wikipedia source
1727 Johann_Sebastian_Bach
Premiere of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion BWV 244b at St.
Thomas Church in Leipzig, Electorate of Saxony (now Germany).
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and musician of the late Baroque period.
Wikipedia source
1809 Battle_of_the_Basque_Roads
Battle of the Basque Roads: Admiral Lord Gambier fails to support Captain Lord Cochrane, leading to an incomplete British victory over the French fleet.
1809 naval battle during the Napoleonic Wars
The Battle of the Basque Roads, also known as the Battle of Aix Roads, was a major naval battle of the Napoleonic Wars, fought in the narrow Basque Roads at the mouth of the Charente River on the Biscay coast of France.
Wikipedia source
1856 Second_Battle_of_Rivas
Second Battle of Rivas: Juan Santamaría burns down the hostel where William Walker's filibusters are holed up.
1856 battle of the Filibuster War
The Second Battle of Rivas occurred on 11 April 1856 between Costa Rican militia under General Juan Rafael Mora Porras and the Nicaraguan forces of American mercenary William Walker.
Wikipedia source
1868
Former shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu surrenders Edo Castle to Imperial forces, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.
Military nobility of Japan (1185–1868)
Shōgun , officially sei-i taishōgun , was the title of the military rulers of Japan during most of the period spanning from 1185 to 1868.
Wikipedia source
1876 Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks
The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks is organized.
American fraternal order
The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE), commonly known as the Elks Lodge or simply The Elks, is an American fraternal order and charitable organization founded in 1868 in New York City.
Wikipedia source
1881 Spelman_College
Spelman College is founded in Atlanta, Georgia, as the Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, an institute of higher education for African-American women.
Historically Black women's college in Atlanta, Georgia, US
Spelman College is a private, historically Black, women's liberal arts college in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is a founding member of the Atlanta University Center academic consortium.
Wikipedia source
1885 Luton_Town_F.C.
Luton Town F.C.
is founded.
Luton Town Football Club is a professional football club from Luton, Bedfordshire, England. Founded in 1885, the club currently competes in EFL League One, the third tier of the English football league system.
Wikipedia source
1908 SMS_Blücher
SMS Blücher, the last armored cruiser to be built by the Imperial German Navy, is launched.
Armored cruiser of the German Imperial Navy
SMS Blücher was the last armored cruiser built for the German Kaiserliche Marine beginning in 1907.
Wikipedia source
1909 Tel_Aviv
The city of Tel Aviv is founded.
City in Central Israel
Tel Aviv, officially Tel Aviv-Yafo, and also known as Tel Aviv-Jaffa, is the most populous city in the Gush Dan metropolitan area of Israel.
Wikipedia source
1921 Emir
Emir Abdullah establishes the first centralised government in the newly created British protectorate of Transjordan.
Title of high office in the Muslim world
Emir, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority.
Wikipedia source
1935 Stresa_Front
Stresa Front: Opening of the conference between the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, the Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini and the French Minister for Foreign Affairs Pierre Laval to condemn the German violations of the Treaty of Versailles.
1935 agreement between France, Italy, and Britain
The Stresa Front was an agreement made in Stresa, a town on the banks of Lake Maggiore in Italy, between French prime minister Pierre-Étienne Flandin, British prime minister Ramsay MacDonald, and Italian prime minister…
Wikipedia source
1945 World_War_II
World War II: American forces liberate the Buchenwald concentration camp.
Global conflict (1939–1945)
World War II, or the Second World War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Wikipedia source
1951 Korean_War
Korean War: President Truman relieves Douglas MacArthur of the command of American forces in Korea and Japan.
1950–1953 conflict on the Korean Peninsula
The Korean War was an armed conflict fought on the Korean Peninsula between North Korea and South Korea and their allies.
Wikipedia source
1951 Stone_of_Scone
The Stone of Scone, the stone upon which Scottish monarchs were traditionally crowned, is found on the site of the altar of Arbroath Abbey.
It had been taken by Scottish nationalist students from its place in Westminster Abbey.
The Stone of Scone is an oblong block of red sandstone that was used in the coronation of Scottish monarchs until the 13th century when it was seized by Edward I during the First War of Scottish Independence and taken…
Wikipedia source
1952 Bolivian_National_Revolution
Bolivian National Revolution: Rebels take over Palacio Quemado.
Revolution that occurred in Bolivia in 1952
The Bolivian Revolution of 1952, also known as the Revolution of '52, was a series of political demonstrations led by the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), which, in alliance with the liberals and the…
Wikipedia source
1952 Pan_Am_Flight_526A
Pan Am Flight 526A ditches near San Juan-Isla Grande Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico, after experiencing an engine failure, killing 52 people.
1952 aviation accident
Pan Am Flight 526A, a Douglas DC-4, took off from San Juan–Isla Grande Airport, Puerto Rico, at 12:11 PM AST on April 11, 1952, on a flight to Idlewild International Airport, New York City, with 64 passengers and 5 crew…
Wikipedia source
1955 Air_India
The Air India Kashmir Princess is bombed and crashes in a failed assassination attempt on Zhou Enlai by the Kuomintang.
National airline of India
Air India is the flag carrier of India, headquartered in Gurugram, Haryana.
Wikipedia source
1957 Singapore
United Kingdom agrees to Singaporean self-rule.
Island country in Southeast Asia
Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country in Southeast Asia. Its territory comprises a main island, over 60 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet.
Wikipedia source
1961 Adolf_Eichmann
The trial of Adolf Eichmann begins in Jerusalem.
German SS officer and war criminal (1906–1962)
Otto Adolf Eichmann was a German-Austrian official of the Nazi Party, an officer of the Schutzstaffel (SS), a convicted war criminal, and one of the major organizers of the Holocaust.
Wikipedia source
1963 Pope_John_XXIII
Pope John XXIII issues Pacem in terris, the first encyclical addressed to all Christians instead of only Catholics, and which described the conditions for world peace in human terms.
Head of the Catholic Church from 1958 to 1963
Pope John XXIII was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City from 28 October 1958 until his death on 3 June 1963.
Wikipedia source
1964 Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco
Brazilian Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco is elected president by the National Congress.
President of Brazil from 1964 to 1967
Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco was a Brazilian military officer and politician who served as the 26th president of Brazil, the first leader of the Brazilian military dictatorship following the 1964 coup d'état.
Wikipedia source
1965 1965_Palm_Sunday_tornado_outbreak
The Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1965: Fifty-five tornadoes hit in six Midwestern states of the United States, killing 266 people.
Natural disaster in the US
The 1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak was a historic severe weather event that affected the Midwestern and Southeastern United States on April 10–12, 1965.
Wikipedia source
1968 Lyndon_B._Johnson
US President Lyndon B.
Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.
Lyndon Baines Johnson, also known as LBJ, was the 36th president of the United States from 1963 to 1969. Johnson was vice president under John F.
Wikipedia source
1968 Rudi_Dutschke
A failed assassination attempt on Rudi Dutschke, leader of the German student movement, leaves Dutschke suffering from brain damage.
German student activist (1940–1979)
Alfred Willi Rudolf Dutschke was a German sociologist and political activist who, until severely injured by an assassin in 1968, was a leading charismatic figure within both the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund…
Wikipedia source
1970 Apollo_program
Apollo Program: Apollo 13 is launched.
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program led by NASA, which landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969. Apollo was conceived in 1960 in the Dwight D.
Wikipedia source
1976 Apple_I
The Apple I is created.
Computer model built by Apple
The Apple Computer 1 (Apple-1), often referred to as the Apple I(written with a Roman numeral), is an 8-bit personal computer designed by Steve Wozniak and introduced by the Apple Computer Company in 1976.
Wikipedia source
1977
London Transport's Silver Jubilee AEC Routemaster buses are launched.
Executive agency responsible for public transportation in Greater London (1970-84)
The London Transport Executive was the executive agency within the Greater London Council, responsible for public transport in Greater London from 1970 to 1984.
Wikipedia source
1979 Uganda
Ugandan dictator Idi Amin is deposed.
Country in East Africa
Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa.
Wikipedia source
1981 1981_Brixton_riot
A massive riot in Brixton, south London, results in almost 300 police injuries and 65 serious civilian injuries.
Clashes between police and protesters in London in 1981
The 1981 Brixton riot, or Brixton uprising, was a series of clashes between mainly black youths and the Metropolitan Police in Brixton, London, between 10 and 12 April 1981.
Wikipedia source
1982
American-Israeli reservist Alan Harry Goodman carries out a mass shooting at the Dome of the Rock, killing two Palestinians and injuring at least seven others.
Shooting at the Dome of the Rock in 1982
On 11 April 1982, American-Israeli reservist Alan Harry Goodman targeted the Dome of the Rock in a shooting, killing two Palestinians and wounding at least seven.
Wikipedia source
1986 1986_FBI_Miami_shootout
FBI Miami Shootout: A gun battle in broad daylight in Dade County, Florida, between two bank/armored car robbers and pursuing FBI agents.
During the firefight, FBI agents Jerry L. Dove and Benjamin P. Grogan are killed, while five other agents are wounded. As a result, the popular .40 S&W cartridge was developed.
On April 11, 1986, a shootout occurred between field agents for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and two armed men in what is now Pinecrest, Miami-Dade County, Florida. The two men, former U.S.
Wikipedia source
1987
The London Agreement is secretly signed between Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister Shimon Peres and King Hussein of Jordan.
1987 secret treaty between Israel and Jordan on future Arab-Israeli peace talks
The London Agreement between King Hussein of Jordan and Israeli Foreign Affairs Minister Shimon Peres was signed during a secret meeting held at the residence of Lord Mishcon in London on April 11, 1987.
Wikipedia source
1990 Middlesbrough
Customs officers in Middlesbrough, England, seize what they believe to be the barrel of a massive gun on a ship bound for Iraq.
Town in North Yorkshire, England
Middlesbrough, colloquially known as Boro, is a port town and unitary authority of North Yorkshire, located in North East England.
Wikipedia source
1993
Four hundred fifty prisoners riot at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility in Lucasville, Ohio, and would continue to do so for ten days, citing grievances related to prison conditions, as well as the forced vaccination of Nation of Islam prisoners (for tuberculosis) against their religious beliefs.
Organized act of defiance by prisoners against each other or the prison administration
A prison riot is an act of concerted defiance or disorder by a group of prisoners against the prison administrators, prison officers, or other groups of prisoners.
Wikipedia source
1993 Guillem_Agulló_i_Salvador
Guillem Agulló, pro-Catalan independence and anti-fascist Valencian young activist, is assassinated by a group of Spanish nationalists and neo-nazis in Montanejos.
Guillem Agulló i Salvador was a young Valencian active in the pro-independence and revolutionary political organization Maulets. He was murdered on April 11, 1993 at age 18.
Wikipedia source
2001 Lockheed_EP-3
The detained crew of a United States EP-3E aircraft that landed in Hainan, China, after a collision with a J-8 fighter, is released.
Signals reconnaissance aircraft of the US Navy
The Lockheed EP-3 is an electronic signals reconnaissance variant of the P-3 Orion, primarily operated by the United States Navy.
Wikipedia source
2001 Australia_men's_national_soccer_team
The Australia national men's soccer team sets a world record for the largest victory in an international association football match, winning the game 31–0 against American Samoa at the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifiers for OFC.
Australia's Archie Thompson also breaks the record for most goals scored by a player in an international match by scoring 13 goals.
The Australia men's national soccer team represents Australia in international men's soccer.
Wikipedia source
2002 Ghriba_synagogue_bombing
The Ghriba synagogue bombing by al-Qaeda kills 21 in Tunisia.
2002 Islamist suicide bombing of a synagogue in Tunisia
The Ghriba synagogue bombing was carried out by Niser bin Muhammad Nasr Nawar on the El Ghriba synagogue in Tunisia in 2002.
Wikipedia source
2002 2002_Venezuelan_coup_attempt
Over two hundred thousand people march in Caracas towards the presidential palace to demand the resignation of President Hugo Chávez.
Nineteen protesters are killed.
A failed coup d'état on 11 April 2002 saw Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, ousted from office for 47 hours before being restored to power.
Wikipedia source
2006 President_of_Iran
Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad announces Iran's claim to have successfully enriched uranium.
Head of government
The president of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the head of government and the second-highest ranking official of Iran, after the supreme leader.
Wikipedia source
2007
Algiers bombings: Two bombings in Algiers kill 33 people and wound a further 222 others.
Terrorist attacks in Algiers, Algeria
The Algiers Government Palace bombings occurred on 11 April 2007 when two suicide car bombs exploded in the Algerian capital Algiers.
Wikipedia source
2008 Kata_Air_Transport_Flight_007
Kata Air Transport Flight 007 crashes while attempting an emergency landing at Chișinău International Airport, killing eight.
2008 aviation incident in Moldova
Kata Air Transport Flight 007 was an international flight from Vienna to Khartoum, with stopovers on Chișinău and Antalya. On April 11, 2008, the Antonov An-32 crashed short of the runway, near Băcioi.
Wikipedia source
2011 2011_Minsk_Metro_bombing
An explosion in the Minsk Metro, Belarus, kills 15 people and injures 204 others.
Terrorist attack in Minsk, Belarus
The 2011 Minsk Metro bombing took place on 11 April 2011 when 15 people were killed and 315 were injured when a bomb exploded within the Minsk Metro, Belarus.
Wikipedia source
2012
A pair of great earthquakes occur in the Wharton Basin west of Sumatra in Indonesia.
The maximum Mercalli intensity of this strike-slip doublet earthquake is VII (Very strong). Ten are killed, twelve are injured, and a non-destructive tsunami is observed on the island of Nias.
The 2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes were magnitude 8.6 and 8.2 Mw undersea earthquakes that struck near the Indonesian province of Aceh on 11 April at 15:38 local time.
Wikipedia source
2017 Borussia_Dortmund
The tour bus of the German football team Borussia Dortmund is attacked with roadside bombs in Dortmund, Germany.
Three bombs exploded as the bus ferried the team to the Westfalenstadion for the first leg of their quarter-final against Monaco.
Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e. V. Dortmund, often known simply as Borussia Dortmund or by its initialism BVB, or just Dortmund by international fans, is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund, North…
Wikipedia source
2018 Ilyushin_Il-76
An Ilyushin Il-76 owned and operated by the Algerian Air Force crashes near Boufarik, Algeria, killing 257.
Russian heavy four-engined military transport jet aircraft
The Ilyushin Il-76 is a multi-purpose, fixed-wing, four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Soviet Union's Ilyushin design bureau as a commercial freighter in 1967, to replace the Antonov An-12.
Wikipedia source
2021 Killing_of_Daunte_Wright
Twenty-year-old Daunte Wright is shot and killed in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, by officer Kimberly Potter, sparking protests in the city, when the officer mistakes her pistol for her taser.
2021 police homicide in Minnesota, US
On April 11, 2021, Daunte Wright, a 20-year-old American man, was fatally shot in Brooklyn Center, Minnesota, by police officer Kimberly Potter during a traffic stop and attempted arrest for an outstanding warrant.
Wikipedia source
2023
During the Pazigyi massacre, an airstrike conducted by the Myanmar Air Force kills at least 100 villagers in Pazigyi, Sagaing Region.
2023 killing of civilians by the Myanmar Air Force
On 11 April 2023, the Myanmar Air Force massacred at least 165 people in the village of Pazigyi, Kantbalu Township, which is located 92 miles (148 km) west of Mandalay, Myanmar's second largest city.
Wikipedia source

History runs on facts, and this project runs on coffee!

Your support is incredibly helpful and genuinely appreciated.

Support with a coffee ☕