July 9 in History

George Washington orders the Declaration of Independence to be read out to membe

1776 — George Washington orders the Declaration of Independence to be read out to members of the Continental Army in Manhattan, while thousands of British troops on Staten Island prepare for the Battle of Long Island

July 9 spans 69 recorded events across recorded history, from 118 to 2025. Below is a curated digest of the most significant moments tied to this date.

By · — Wikipedia

Historical Events 69 events 118 – 2025

More major events on July 9

The featured story and these ranked highlights form a quick summary. Every recorded event remains available in the chronology below.

  1. 2002 The African Union is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The organization's first chairman is Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa. Read story Source
  2. 1810 Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland as part of the First French Empire. Source
  3. 1807 The second Treaty of Tilsit is signed between France and Prussia, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition. Source

Did you know

In 1776, George Washington orders the Declaration of Independence to be read out to members of the Continental Army in Manhattan, while thousands of British troops on Staten Island prepare for the Battle of Long Island. This featured entry focuses on the immediate decision and its direct historical impact.

Did you know

The Declaration of Independence, headed The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America on the document directed to be engrossed by Congress on July 19, 1776, is the founding document of the United States. This helps explain why the event mattered beyond the initial announcement.

Did you know

On July 4, 1776, it was adopted unanimously by the Second Continental Congress, who were convened at the Pennsylvania State House, later renamed Independence Hall, in Philadelphia. This clarifies the institutional and public response around the event.

Did you know

These delegates became known as the nation's Founding Fathers. This shows how the event shaped policy and public communication in the same period.

Did you know

The Declaration explains why the Thirteen Colonies regarded themselves as independent sovereign states no longer subject to British colonial rule, and has become one of the most circulated, reprinted, and influential documents in history. This helps explain why the event mattered beyond the initial announcement.

118
Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
Calendar year
Year 118 (CXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Hadrianus and Fuscus.
Wikipedia source
381 First_Council_of_Constantinople
The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman emperor Theodosius I.
381 AD council of Christian bishops
The First Council of Constantinople was a council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople in AD 381 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I.
Wikipedia source
455 Avitus
The elderly noble Avitus is proclaimed Roman emperor by Gothic king Theoderic II in Toulouse.
Western Roman emperor from 455 to 456
Eparchius Avitus was Roman emperor of the Western Empire from July 455 to October 456.
Wikipedia source
491 Odoacer
Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theoderic the Great in Ad Pinetam.
Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric forces Odoacer back into Ravenna.
Odoacer, also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar, was a barbarian soldier and statesman from the Middle Danube who was an officer of the Roman army and deposed the Western Roman child emperor Romulus Augustulus to become the…
Wikipedia source
551 551_Beirut_earthquake
A major earthquake strikes Beirut, triggering a devastating tsunami that affects the coastal towns of Byzantine Phoenicia, causing thousands of deaths.
Earthquake off the Lebanese coast
An earthquake occurred in Byzantine Phoenicia on 9 July 551 with an estimated magnitude of about 7.5 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum felt intensity of X (Extreme) on the Mercalli intensity scale.
Wikipedia source
660 Kim_Yu-sin
Silla forces under general Kim Yu-sin defeat the army of Baekje at the Battle of Hwangsanbeol.
Silla-era Korean general (595–673)
Kim Yu-sin was a Korean military general and politician in 7th-century Silla. He led the unification of the Korean Peninsula by Silla under the reign of King Muyeol and King Munmu.
Wikipedia source
869
The 8.4–9.0 Mw Sanriku earthquake strikes the area around Sendai in northern Honshu, Japan.
Inundation from the tsunami extended several kilometers inland.
The 869 Jōgan earthquake and its associated tsunami struck the area around Sendai in the northern part of Honshu on 9 July 869.
Wikipedia source
969 Fatimid_Caliphate
The Fatimid general Jawhar leads the Friday prayer in Fustat in the name of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, thereby symbolically completing the Fatimid conquest of Egypt.
Fourth Islamic caliphate (909–1171)
The Fatimid Caliphate, also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate that existed from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty.
Wikipedia source
1357 Charles_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor
Emperor Charles IV assists in laying the foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague.
Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 to 1378
Charles IV was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378. He was elected King of Germany in 1346 and became King of Bohemia that same year.
Wikipedia source
1386 Old_Swiss_Confederacy
The Old Swiss Confederacy makes great strides in establishing control over its territory by soundly defeating the Duchy of Austria in the Battle of Sempach.
1291–1798 confederation of Swiss cantons
The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states, initially within the Holy Roman Empire.
Wikipedia source
1401 Timur
Timur attacks the Jalairid Sultanate and destroys Baghdad.
Turco-Mongol conqueror (1320s–1405)
Timur, also known as Tamerlane, was a Turco-Mongol conqueror, first ruler of the Timurid dynasty, and the founder of the Timurid Empire, which ruled over modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia.
Wikipedia source
1540 Henry_VIII
King Henry VIII of England annuls his marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves.
King of England from 1509 to 1547
Henry VIII was King of England and Ireland from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. Born in Greenwich, Henry was the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.
Wikipedia source
1572 Martyrs_of_Gorkum
Nineteen Catholics suffer martyrdom for their beliefs, in the Dutch town of Gorkum.
19 Dutch Catholic clerics executed in Brielle, present-day Netherlands (1572)
The Martyrs of Gorkum were a group of 19 Catholic clerics, secular and religious, in the Netherlands.
Wikipedia source
1609 Bohemia
Bohemia is granted freedom of religion through the Letter of Majesty by the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf II.
Historical region in the Czech Republic
Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.
Wikipedia source
1701 House_of_Bourbon
A Bourbon force under Nicolas Catinat withdraws from a smaller Habsburg force under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Battle of Carpi.
Cadet branch of French Capetian dynasty
The House of Bourbon is a dynasty that originated in the Kingdom of France as a branch of the Capetian dynasty, the royal House of France. Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century.
Wikipedia source
1735 Safavid_Iran
Safavid Iran captures Ganja from the Ottoman Empire after defeating them in the battle of Yeghevārd.
Iran under the Safavid dynasty from 1501 to 1736
The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires.
Wikipedia source
1745 Battle_of_Melle
French victory in the Battle of Melle allows them to capture Ghent in the days after.
1745 battle of the War of the Austrian Succession
The Battle of Melle was an encounter battle fought on 9 July 1745, during the War of the Austrian Succession, between forces of the Pragmatic Allies and the French.
Wikipedia source
1755 Braddock_Expedition
The Braddock Expedition is soundly defeated by a smaller French and Native American force in its attempt to capture Fort Duquesne in what is now downtown Pittsburgh.
Military expedition during French and Indian War
The Braddock Expedition, also known as Braddock's Campaign or Braddock's Defeat, was a British military expedition which attempted to capture Fort Duquesne from the French in 1755 during the French and Indian War.
Wikipedia source
1762 Catherine_the_Great
Catherine the Great becomes Empress of Russia following the coup against her husband, Peter III.
Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796
Catherine II, commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after a coup d'état against her husband, Peter III.
Wikipedia source
1763 Mozart_family_grand_tour
The Mozart family grand tour of Europe begins, lifting the profile of son Wolfgang Amadeus.
Journey through western Europe (1763–1766)
Leopold and Anna Maria Mozart took their children Maria Anna (Nannerl) and Wolfgang Theophilus (Wolferl) on a grand tour through western Europe from 1763 to 1766.
Wikipedia source
1789 Versailles,_Yvelines
In Versailles, the National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly and begins preparations for a French constitution.
Prefecture of Yvelines, Île-de-France
Versailles is a commune in the department of Yvelines, Île-de-France. It is known for the Château de Versailles and the Gardens of Versailles, the latter of which is designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Wikipedia source
1790 Swedish_Navy
The Swedish Navy captures one third of the Russian Baltic fleet.
Naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces
The Swedish Navy is the maritime service branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.
Wikipedia source
1793 Act_Against_Slavery
The Act Against Slavery in Upper Canada bans the importation of slaves and will free those who are born into slavery after the passage of the Act at 25 years of age.
Anti-slavery law passed in 1793 in Upper Canada
The Act Against Slavery was an anti-slavery law passed on July 9, 1793, in the second legislative session of Upper Canada, the colonial division of British North America that would eventually become Ontario.
Wikipedia source
1795 James_Swan_(financier)
Financier James Swan pays off the $2,024,899 US national debt that had been accrued during the American Revolution.
Early American patriot and financier
James Swan was an early American patriot and financier based in Boston in the 18th and 19th centuries. He was a member of the Sons of Liberty and participated in the Boston Tea Party.
Wikipedia source
1807 Treaties_of_Tilsit
The second Treaty of Tilsit is signed between France and Prussia, ending the War of the Fourth Coalition.
1807 treaties between France, Russia, and Prussia
The Treaties of Tilsit, also collectively known as the Peace of Tilsit, were two peace treaties signed by French Emperor Napoleon in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland, at the…
Wikipedia source
1810 Napoleon
Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland as part of the First French Empire.
French general and emperor (1769–1821)
Napoleon Bonaparte, later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was Emperor of the French from 18 May 1804 until his first abdication in 1814, with a brief restoration during the Hundred Days in 1815.
Wikipedia source
1811 David_Thompson_(explorer)
Explorer David Thompson posts a sign near what is now Sacajawea State Park in Washington state, claiming the Columbia District for the United Kingdom.
Canadian fur trader and surveyor (1770–1857)
David Thompson was a British fur trader, surveyor, and cartographer, known to some native people as "Koo-Koo-Sint" or "the Stargazer".
Wikipedia source
1815 Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord becomes the first Prime Minister of France.
French secularized clergyman, statesman, and diplomat (1754–1838)
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, 1st Prince of Benevento, then Prince of Talleyrand, was a French secularized clergyman, statesman, and leading diplomat.
Wikipedia source
1816 Argentina
Argentina declares independence from Spain.
Country in South America
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the Southern Cone of South America.
Wikipedia source
1821 Cyprus
Four hundred and seventy prominent Cypriots including Archbishop Kyprianos are executed in response to Cypriot aid to the Greek War of Independence.
Island country in the Mediterranean Sea
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, located off the coast of the Levant mainland in West Asia.
Wikipedia source
1850 Zachary_Taylor
U.S.
President Zachary Taylor dies after eating raw fruit and iced milk; he is succeeded in office by Vice President Millard Fillmore.
Zachary Taylor was the 12th president of the United States, serving from 1849 until his death in 1850.
Wikipedia source
1850 Báb
Persian prophet Báb is executed in Tabriz, Persia.
Iranian prophet (1819–1850)
The Báb was an Iranian religious leader who founded Bábism, and is also one of the central figures of the Baháʼí Faith.
Wikipedia source
1863 American_Civil_War
American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson ends in a Union victory and, along with the fall of Vicksburg five days earlier, gives the Union complete control of the Mississippi River.
1861–1865 conflict in the United States
The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States between the Union and the Confederacy, which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union to preserve slavery in the United States.
Wikipedia source
1868 Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution
The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and all persons in the United States due process of law.
1868 amendment addressing citizenship rights and civil and political liberties
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
Wikipedia source
1875 Herzegovina_uprising_(1875–1877)
The Herzegovina Uprising against Ottoman rule begins, which would last until 1878 and have far-reaching implications throughout the Balkans.
Serb rebellion against Ottoman rule
The Herzegovina uprising was an uprising led by the Christian Serb population against the Ottoman Empire, firstly and predominantly in Herzegovina, from where it spread into Bosnia and Raška.
Wikipedia source
1877 1877_Wimbledon_Championship
The inaugural Wimbledon Championships begins.
First staging of the Wimbledon Tennis Championships
The 1877 Wimbledon Championship was a men's tennis tournament held at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club in Wimbledon, London.
Wikipedia source
1893 Daniel_Hale_Williams
Daniel Hale Williams, American heart surgeon, performs the first successful open-heart surgery in United States without anesthesia.
American cardiologist (1856–1931)
Daniel Hale Williams was a Black American surgeon and hospital founder. He founded Provident Hospital in 1891, which was the first non-segregated hospital in the United States.
Wikipedia source
1896 William_Jennings_Bryan
William Jennings Bryan delivers his Cross of Gold speech advocating bimetallism at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.
American politician (1860–1925)
William Jennings Bryan was an American lawyer, orator, and politician.
Wikipedia source
1900 Federation_of_Australia
The Federation of Australia is given royal assent.
Process of Australian unification
The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing Australian colonies—New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia—united to form the…
Wikipedia source
1900 Shanxi
The Governor of Shanxi province in North China orders the execution of 45 foreign Christian missionaries and local church members, including children.
Province in North China
Shanxi is a province in North China. Its capital and largest city is Taiyuan, and its next most populated prefecture-level cities are Changzhi and Datong.
Wikipedia source
1918 Nashville,_Tennessee
In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101 and injuring 171 people, making it the deadliest rail accident in United States history.
Capital of Tennessee, United States
Nashville is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It is the seat of Davidson County in Middle Tennessee, located on the Cumberland River.
Wikipedia source
1922 Johnny_Weissmuller
Johnny Weissmuller swims the 100 meters freestyle in 58.6 seconds, breaking the world swimming record and the 'minute barrier'.
American swimmer, water-polo player, and actor (1904–1984)
Johnny Weissmuller was an American Olympic swimmer, water polo player and actor. He set world records alongside winning five gold medals in the Olympics.
Wikipedia source
1926 Chiang_Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek accepts the post of commander-in-chief of the National Revolutionary Army, marking the beginning of the Northern Expedition to unite China under the rule of the Nationalist government.
Leader of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1975
Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman who was the President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975 and the head of the Nationalist government from 1925 to 1948.
Wikipedia source
1932 São_Paulo_(state)
The state of São Paulo revolts against the Brazilian Federal Government, starting the Constitutionalist Revolution.
State of Brazil
São Paulo is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus.
Wikipedia source
1937
The silent film archives of Fox Film Corporation are destroyed by the 1937 Fox vault fire.
American film production company (1915–1935)
The Fox Film Corporation was an American independent company that produced motion pictures and was formed in 1915 by the theater "chain" pioneer William Fox.
Wikipedia source
1943 World_War_II
World War II: The Allied invasion of Sicily begins, leading to the downfall of Mussolini and forcing Hitler to break off the Battle of Kursk.
Global conflict (1939–1945)
World War II, or the Second World War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Wikipedia source
1944 Battle_of_Saipan
World War II: American forces take Saipan, bringing the Japanese archipelago within range of B-29 raids, and causing the downfall of the Tojo government.
1944 battle during the Pacific Campaign of World War II
The Battle of Saipan was an amphibious assault launched by the United States against the Empire of Japan during the Pacific campaign of World War II between 15 June and 9 July 1944.
Wikipedia source
1944 Continuation_War
World War II: Continuation War: Finland wins the Battle of Tali–Ihantala, the largest battle ever fought in northern Europe.
The Red Army withdraws its troops from Ihantala and digs into a defensive position, thus ending the Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive.
The Continuation War, also known as the Second Soviet–Finnish War, was a conflict fought by Finland and Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union during World War II.
Wikipedia source
1955 Russell–Einstein_Manifesto
The Russell–Einstein Manifesto calls for a reduction of the risk of nuclear warfare.
1955 manifesto on the dangers of nuclear weapons
The Russell–Einstein Manifesto was issued in London on 9 July 1955 by Bertrand Russell in the midst of the Cold War.
Wikipedia source
1956
The 7.7 Mw Amorgos earthquake shakes the Cyclades island group in the Aegean Sea with a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).
The shaking and the destructive tsunami that followed left fifty-three people dead. A damaging M7.2 aftershock occurred minutes after the mainshock.
The 1956 Amorgos earthquake occurred at 03:11 UTC on July 9. It had a magnitude of 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale and a maximum perceived intensity of IX on the Mercalli intensity scale.
Wikipedia source
1958 1958_Lituya_Bay_earthquake_and_megatsunami
A 7.8 Mw strike-slip earthquake in Alaska causes a landslide that produces a megatsunami.
The runup from the waves reached 525 m (1,722 ft) on the rim of Lituya Bay; five people were killed.
The 1958 Lituya Bay earthquake occurred on July 9, 1958, at 22:15:58 PST with a moment magnitude of 7.8 to 8.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme).
Wikipedia source
1961 Greece
Greece becomes the first member state to join the European Economic Community by signing the Athens Agreement, which is later suspended in 1967 during the Greek junta.
Country in Southeastern Europe
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country of 10 million people on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe.
Wikipedia source
1962 Starfish_Prime
Starfish Prime tests the effects of a nuclear explosion at orbital altitudes.
1962 high-altitude nuclear test by the U.S. over the Pacific Ocean
Starfish Prime was a high-altitude nuclear test conducted by the United States, a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Defense Atomic Support Agency.
Wikipedia source
1977 Military_dictatorship_of_Chile
The Pinochet dictatorship in Chile organises the youth event of Acto de Chacarillas, a ritualised act reminiscent of Francoist Spain.
Period of Chilean history under the rule of General Augusto Pinochet
An authoritarian military dictatorship ruled Chile for almost seventeen years, between 11 September 1973 and 11 March 1990.
Wikipedia source
1979 Renault
A car bomb destroys a Renault motor car owned by "Nazi hunters" Serge and Beate Klarsfeld outside their home in France in an unsuccessful assassination attempt.
French multinational automobile manufacturer
Renault S.A., commonly referred to as Groupe Renault, is a French multinational corporation and automobile manufacturer established in 1899.
Wikipedia source
1982 Pan_Am_Flight_759
Pan Am Flight 759 crashes in Kenner, Louisiana, killing all 145 people on board and eight others on the ground.
1982 aviation accident in Louisiana
Pan Am Flight 759 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight from Miami to San Diego, with en route stops in New Orleans and Las Vegas.
Wikipedia source
1986 New_Zealand_Parliament
The New Zealand Parliament passes the Homosexual Law Reform Act legalising homosexuality in New Zealand.
Supreme unicameral legislature of New Zealand
The New Zealand Parliament is the unicameral legislature of New Zealand, consisting of the monarch and the New Zealand House of Representatives.
Wikipedia source
1993 Parliament_of_Canada
The Parliament of Canada passes the Nunavut Act leading to the 1999 creation of Nunavut, dividing the Northwest Territories into arctic (Inuit) and sub-arctic (Dene) lands based on a plebiscite.
Federal bicameral legislature of Canada
The Parliament of Canada is the federal legislature of Canada. The Crown, along with two chambers, form the bicameral legislature.
Wikipedia source
1995
The Navaly church bombing is carried out by the Sri Lanka Air Force killing 125 Tamil civilian refugees.
Air Force attack in Sri Lankan Civil War
The Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul in Navaly in the Jaffna Peninsula was bombed by the Sri Lankan Air Force during the Sri Lankan Civil War on 9 July 1995.
Wikipedia source
1997 LATAM_Airlines_Brasil
An explosion aboard a Brazilian airline TAM Fokker 100 launches engineer Fernando Caldeira de Moura Campos into a 2,400 meters free fall.
Subsidiary airline of LATAM Airlines Group
LATAM Airlines Brasil, formerly TAM Linhas Aéreas, is the Brazilian brand of Chilean LATAM Airlines Group operating international and domestic flights from hubs in Brasília, Fortaleza, and São Paulo.
Wikipedia source
1999
Days of student protests begin after Iranian police and hardliners attack a student dormitory at the University of Tehran.
Violent public protests in Iran
The Iranian student protests of July 1999 were student protests which were violently repressed by the Basij and Ansar-e Hezbollah.
Wikipedia source
2002 African_Union
The African Union is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, replacing the Organisation of African Unity (OAU).
The organization's first chairman is Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa.
The African Union (AU) is a continental union of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa.
Wikipedia source
2004 Senate_Report_on_Iraqi_WMD_Intelligence
The Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence is released by the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, casting doubt on the rationale for the Iraq War.
2004 report by the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
The Senate Report on Iraqi WMD Intelligence was the report by the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence concerning the U.S.
Wikipedia source
2006 S7_Airlines_Flight_778
One hundred and twenty-five people are killed when S7 Airlines Flight 778, an Airbus A310 passenger jet, veers off the runway while landing in wet conditions at Irkutsk Airport in Siberia.
2006 aviation accident in Russia
S7 Airlines Flight 778 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Moscow to Irkutsk, Russia.
Wikipedia source
2006 Italy_national_football_team
Italy win their fourth World Cup title, defeating France 5–3 on penalties following a 1–1 draw after extra time.
Men's association football team
The Italy national football team has represented Italy in men's international football since its first match in 1910.
Wikipedia source
2011 South_Sudan
South Sudan gains independence and secedes from Sudan.
Country in East Africa
South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa.
Wikipedia source
2011 Bersih_2.0_rally
A rally takes place in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to call for fairer elections in the country.
2011 demonstration against electoral fraud and corruption in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
The Bersih 2.0 rally was a demonstration in Kuala Lumpur held on 9 July 2011 as a follow-up to the 2007 Bersih rally.
Wikipedia source
2025 Earth's_rotation
Earth completes its shortest recorded day due to a slight acceleration in rotation, with July 9 lasting approximately 1.3 to 1.6 milliseconds less than 24 hours.
Rotation of Earth around its axis
Earth's rotation or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as well as changes in the orientation of the rotation axis in space. Earth rotates eastward, in prograde motion.
Wikipedia source

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